In recent years, China has significantly increased its investment in distribution network infrastructure, leading to substantial progress in the development of its power distribution systems. However, there remains a gap between China's electricity consumption standards and those of internationally advanced countries. The development of urban and rural power grids is uneven, and the quality of power supply still needs improvement.
The distribution network exhibits several notable characteristics. First, it consists of numerous points, spans wide areas, features long transmission lines, and often relies on single power sources with limited automation. Second, due to funding constraints during the renovation of urban and rural power grids, the distribution capacity is relatively small, and the cross-sectional area of medium- and low-voltage main lines and feeders is insufficient, resulting in a large power supply radius. Third, rural distribution networks have a prolonged transformation period, while load growth is rapid, and electricity usage tends to be concentrated during specific periods.
Low voltage issues are classified based on several factors. These include the location where the problem occurs, the reasonable power supply load distance, the area affected (such as substation zones, 10kV feeder areas, or specific regions), the time frame (short-term, periodic, or long-term), and the underlying causes such as inadequate grid capacity, concentrated loads, long-distance power delivery, unbalanced three-phase loads, insufficient reactive power compensation, and delayed regulation equipment adjustments.
Technical challenges in maintaining stable voltage include long power supply radii for some medium- and low-voltage lines, weak voltage regulation capabilities, and limitations in the performance of certain transformers and reactive power compensation systems. Additionally, low-voltage users often lack sufficient reactive power compensation, further contributing to voltage instability.
To address these issues, several typical methods are used in rural low-voltage management. These include substation line distribution voltage three-set joint adjustment technology, which uses modern communication and control technologies for coordinated voltage and reactive power management. County-level power grid reactive power optimization compensation technology also plays a key role, involving real-time monitoring, data analysis, and optimal configuration of reactive power devices.
Other techniques include the construction of voltage-reactive information systems, reactive power supply upgrades, and the implementation of optimized compensation and control strategies. In addition, 35kV distribution technology involves the design of miniaturized substations, insulated distribution lines, and direct 35/0.4kV distribution areas to meet rural demand.
Medium- and low-voltage line regulators help improve voltage quality in areas with significant fluctuations, while wide-load unloaded voltage distribution transformers enhance flexibility. Single-phase hybrid power supply modes are also employed to better serve local loads.
On-load tap-changing transformers and control systems allow for more efficient voltage regulation. Grid companies must collaborate with the government to develop integrated urban-rural power grid plans, addressing regional differences and ensuring one-time construction principles to avoid repeated upgrades.
To tackle the issue of low voltage in rural areas, a comprehensive survey should be conducted, a regular monitoring system established, and operational controls optimized. Strengthening grid construction, applying smart meters, residual current protectors, and low-voltage compensation devices will help eliminate bottlenecks and safety hazards, ultimately improving the reliability and stability of rural power supply.
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