1.1 Introduction
In the long history of human civilization, human beings constantly demand and explore various energy sources suitable for survival and development from the natural world. The level of energy utilization reflects the progress of human civilization. Starting from the primitive society, the fossil mineral energy accumulated by the earth in the history of 500,000 years, that is, conventional energy (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) has always been the basis of human energy. But the reserves of conventional energy are rapidly depleting with the rapid development of human civilization. From a resource point of view, the earth's fossil energy reserves are limited. According to the current consumption rate, oil can be mined for about 40 years, natural gas for about 60 years, and coal for 200 years. The annual growth rate of global energy consumption is about 2%, and the world's energy consumption has doubled in the past 35 years. It is expected that global energy consumption will double again by 2025. These remind people of the need to develop new energy sources.
The extensive use of conventional energy sources has also had an increasingly devastating effect on the human living environment. By the end of the 20th century, people began to realize that the annual emission of CO2 is still increasing due to the CO2 emissions of about 21 billion tons produced by burning conventional energy. CO2 contributes to the global warming of the Earth and warms the global climate. After a more accurate calculation, if the global warming is 1.5-4.5 °C, the most serious consequence is that the sea level will rise by 25-145 cm, and the coastal low-lying areas will be inundated, which will seriously affect the economic, social and political structure of many countries. In addition, the massive burning of fossil fuels will cause acid rain in a wide range, which will seriously damage forests and farmland. Thousands of lakes around the world have been increasing in acidity and are close to the point where fish cannot survive. Acid rain also damages stone. Construction, destruction of monuments, corrosion of metal structures, and even access to drinking water sources, release potential toxic metals (such as cadmium, lead, mercury, zinc, copper, etc.), threatening human health. Therefore, the high development of human civilization and the extreme deterioration of the living environment have formed a strong contrast.
The development and use of new energy sources (renewable energy and non-polluting green energy) in response to the above situation is an important issue that human beings urgently need to solve. Although new energy sources available to humans, such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydro energy, and ocean energy, can meet the requirements. However, considering the energy stability, durability, quantity, equipment cost, utilization conditions and other factors, solar energy will become the most ideal renewable energy and pollution-free energy.
Compared with firepower, hydraulic power and diesel power generation, solar cell power generation has many advantages, such as safety, reliability, noise-free, pollution-free, energy everywhere, no geographical restrictions, no fuel consumption, no mechanical rotating parts, low failure rate, and easy maintenance. It can be unattended, with short construction period, random size, no need to set up transmission lines, and can be easily combined with buildings, so whether in the near future or in the future, from the perspective of energy environment or from remote areas and special From the perspective of the needs of the application field, solar cell power generation is extremely attractive. At present, the only obstacle to the large-scale application of solar cell power generation systems is their high cost. It is expected that the cost of solar cell power generation will fall to the same level as conventional energy generation by the middle of the 21st century. At that time, solar cell power generation will become an important source of human power.
1.2 Project Background / Motivation
Solar street light is a kind of street light that uses solar energy as an energy source. Because it has no influence on power supply, it does not need to ditch and embed the line, does not consume conventional electric energy, and can be installed on site if the sun is sufficient. Because it does not pollute the environment, it is called a green product. Solar street lights can be used for lighting of town parks, roads and lawns, but also for areas with small population density, inaccessible economy, lack of conventional fuel, and difficult to generate electricity with conventional energy, but solar energy resources are abundant to solve these areas. People's home lighting problems.
The solar lamp is an application product of photoelectric conversion technology, and has the advantages of energy saving, environmental protection, safety, no wiring, easy installation, automatic control, and the position of the insertion and replacement can be changed at any time as needed. The main types of solar lamps are solar garden lights, solar street lights, solar lawn lights, solar landscape lights, and solar signal lights.
In the practical application of solar street lamps, solar street lamps in many places cannot meet the normal lighting needs, especially in rainy days. Therefore, this requires solar street lamps to dynamically adjust their own power according to the pedestrian situation during work. At the same time, it can save more power and ensure long-term operation of the system. In addition, the existing solar street lamps can not detect and diagnose the faults of their own working state and peripheral circuit parameters, and cannot form a remote monitoring network, thus requiring a remote The wireless monitoring system detects the solar street lamp circuit parameters, and realizes the diagnosis and alarm function for the faults that occur, and realizes the intelligent management of the street lamps.
Second, the demand analysis2.1 Functional requirements
1. The system is powered by solar cells and batteries, which is environmentally friendly and pollution-free;
2, solar cells can automatically track the sun, to maximize the use of solar energy;
3. The street lamp can automatically light up when it is dark, and it can dynamically adjust the street lamp power according to the situation of passing and no one passing, and realize the energy saving effect; after 12 o'clock in the evening, the street lamp will be in a semi-activated state when there are few pedestrians, when someone When it passes, it lights up. If no one passes, it will not light up. It will save energy while ensuring a small number of pedestrians. In the morning, it will enter the normal lighting mode again, and will go out until the dawn, and enter the energy storage stage.
4. The system has an automatic monitoring function, which can monitor the operation of the street lamp and its peripheral circuits. Once an abnormal situation occurs, the slave sends it to the host through the wireless network. After the host is summarized, it is sent to the monitoring center through the GSM network to notify the technician to perform maintenance. To ensure the speed of maintenance.
2.2 Performance requirements
1, ADC conversion accuracy is 10 bits;
2. The effective distance of wireless transmission is 100m (different wireless modules can be used to realize long-distance transmission of data according to actual needs);
3, GSM super long transmission distance, as long as there is a signal, you can receive the data;
4. A monitoring center can monitor multiple hosts, and one host can monitor multiple slaves.
Third, the program design3.1 System function realization principle
The system consists of three parts: the monitoring center, the main unit and the slave. The monitoring center realizes remote communication with the host through the GSM network. The host and the slave are close to each other, so the 2.4GHz wireless network is used for communication.
The monitoring center is mainly responsible for the analysis and display of the summary of each host. At the same time, it can notify the staff of the street lamp damage by means of on-site or texting. In addition, the system parameters can be set, mainly by AVR MCU, GSM module, optical sensor, Human body infrared sensor module, matrix keyboard, sound and light alarm, position detection resistor, motor module, liquid crystal display, power management, real-time clock circuit DS1302, backup power supply, solar battery and battery.
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