Principles and typical architecture of medical ultrasound system
Ultrasound systems can emit acoustic energy to the human body, and then receive and process echoes, thereby generating images of internal organs and structures, drawing blood flow and tissue motion maps, and providing highly accurate blood flow velocity information.
The ultrasound system includes sensors, high-voltage switches, high-voltage transmitting circuits, transmitting (Tx) / receiving (Rx) switches, receiving channel analog front end (AFE), beamformer, digital signal processing circuit after beamforming, display processing circuit and peripherals . AFE includes low noise amplifier (LNA), variable gain amplifier (VGA), anti-aliasing filter (AAF) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC). There are two types of beamforming: digital beamforming and analog beamforming, which are used for different applications.
Medical ultrasound system design considerations and main challenges
Receive AFE circuit performance, such as noise performance, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dynamic range (DR). Typical requirements for high-end system dynamic range are as follows: B mode 70 dB, PWD (pulse wave Doppler) 130 dB, and CWD (continuous wave Doppler) 160 dB.
Transmit voltage. In order to improve the signal penetration rate and conduct harmonic imaging, a higher emission voltage is required. The sound power increases with the increase of the emission voltage, but the emission voltage cannot exceed the safety requirements stipulated by agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The complexity of the beamformer. To achieve high graphics quality, there must be a large number of beamforming channels. High complexity in turn leads to high power consumption and requires more imaging space to implement.
Heat dissipation. With the development of equipment to miniaturization, especially when the goal is to improve image quality, the problem of heat dissipation becomes very important.
In the past, the implementation of ultrasound imaging systems required a large number of high-performance transmit and receive circuits, resulting in a large and expensive cart-type system. Recently, advances in integration technology have enabled system designers to adopt smaller, lower cost, and more portable imaging solutions, and their performance is close to that of a cart-type system. Sustained technological progress requires both the continuous promotion of integration of these solutions and the improvement of their performance and diagnostic capabilities.
ADI's total solution
ADI provides a wide range of amplifier, data conversion, signal processing and power management solutions for users to choose, which can achieve the best image quality of cart-type and portable ultrasound equipment, and reduce power consumption and cost. In addition, to support customer design and development, ADI also provides evaluation boards, Gerber files, simulation tools and professional application technical support.
Note: The above signal chain represents a medical ultrasound system. In the specific design, the technical requirements of the module may be different, but the products listed in the following table represent ADI solutions that meet some of the requirements.
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